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Showing 29 results for Design
The Relationship Between Working Posture and Anthropometric Compatibility with Workstations: A Case Study Among Sewing Operators
Fakhradin Ghasemi, Maedeh Hasini, Mojtaba Ahmadi, Mostafa Rahmiani-Iranshahi,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (1-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Designing workstations in accordance with anthropometric characteristics of employees can prevent awkward working postures and reduce the risk of such disorders. The present study aimed at investigating the anthropometric compatibility of workstations in a sewing company and its relationship with working postures.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sewing company located in Hamadan province, Iran. Working postures were assessed in standing and sitting workstations using REBA and NERPA techniques, respectively. Anthropometric dimensions were measured in accordance with ISO 7250 and anthropometric compatibility with workstation was investigated. Mann-Whitney test was used for assessing the relationship between anthropometric compatibility and working posture.
Results: A total of 205 employees with a mean age 31.29 years participated in this study. Working postures were mostly in an unacceptable condition and the need for ergonomic intervention was evident. In sitting workstation, there was no significant relationship between working postures and anthropometric compatibility in terms of seat depth, seat width, and backrest height. In contrast, anthropometric compatibility with seat height and desk height were significantly associated with working posture (P<0.05). In standing workstations, a significant relationship was observed between anthropometric compatibility and desk height (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Anthropometric incompatibility with workstation generally deteriorated the working postures. However, anthropometric compatibility with seat height and desk height were the ones with a significant relationship with working posture. Therefore, for redesigning workstations the seat height and desk height should be considered first.

Design of A Modular, Interactive and Ergonomic Workbench and Chair for Jewelry Making
Mrs. Ramesh Taherian Ojaroud, Dr. Ali Faraji,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The jewelry industry accounts for a large share of the income of the people and the government. Workbench and chair are the main tool for manufacturers, designers, art students and repairmen in this field as a group of users for the efficiency of making jewelry. This research seeks to design a workbench and chair for making jewelry that, in addition to being modular, is also interactive and ergonomic.
Methods: This research is practical as well as qualitative-descriptive in nature. It has used a survey method to collect data in which its most important tools in the practical were verbal-visual (questionnaire, interview) and non-verbal (observation). Its design method was the so-call Design up (Tarrahi Nameh in Persian) which has based on interaction design and a user-centered approach. One of the most useful techniques called the hierarchical analysis process (AHP) has been employed to prioritize users and selected designs.
Results: The result of this research is a modular, interactive and ergonomic workbench and chair under the Mosavvab brand. Their users have the advantage of an independent design resulting from its modularity, benefit from usability as well as engagement user experience due to its interactivity and finally, they satisfy from its safety and comfort due to its ergonomics.
Conclusion: This achievement eliminates tangible and intangible problems and not only provides users with personal satisfaction but also reduces the need for many medical treatments. Six elements of usability such as effectiveness, efficiency, safety/comfort, utility, easy to learn and ease to memory, on the one hand, would be brought. The goals of interaction design as visibility, feedback, constraints, consistency, affordance and engaging user experience, on the other hand, would be illustrated.
 
Investigating the Effect of Wearing Medical Gloves on Grip Strength and Manual Dexterity
Fakhradin Ghasemi, Rashid Heidarimoghadam, Payam Khanlari,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hospital and medical staff use medical gloves to protect themselves and their patients from infectious agents. Wearing gloves may reduce manual dexterity and grip strength and interfere with work performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wearing medical gloves on grip strength, manual dexterity, and perceived comfort.
Methods: 20 people (10 women, 10 men) participated in this study. Participants were tested in three gloveless modes, with latex gloves and with nitrile gloves with two tests, a 9-hole pegboard and a modified pegboard. Perceived comfort in working with gloves, wearing and removing gloves was also assessed using a subjective scale.
Results: The age range of participants was 20 to 40 years with an average of 29.45 years. There was a significant difference in manual dexterity between gloveless hands and nitrile gloves in the 9-hole pegboard test. In the modified pegboard test, gloveless hand manual dexterity was significantly different from both latex and nitrile gloves. The results also showed that wearing any type of glove significantly reduced the grip strength of individuals. The worst comfort rating was given to wearing gloves.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that wearing gloves reduces manual dexterity and grip strength. A modified pegboard test is also recommended to assess the manual dexterity of medical gloves. Latex and Nitrile gloves are difficult to wear and should be considered in designs.

Studying the Role of Workplaces Layout on Employees Health: Sick Building Syndrome
Solmaz Tabe-Afshar, Sahar Toofan, Arash Saghafi-Asl,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Workplace architecture is one of the most important factors influencing employees' health and wellbeing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of workplace design on the emergence of various types of health problems among employees. The present research aims to study the prevailing conditions at the case studied workplaces and to identify the role of factors influenced by interior layout (location-ergonomics, lighting, indoor air quality (IAQ), temperature, noise, design style, and cleaning) on the emergence of Sick Building Syndrome among employees.
Methods: In the present study, three administration buildings (roads and urban development office, construction engineering organization, and airport) in Urmia, Tabriz are investigated as case studies and a total of 226 employees working in these buildings are selected as samples. Then, they are asked to fill out a questionnaire to collect the required data. The reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Results: The findings indicate that despite the advantages of open plan layout for the organization of work environments, it still has many negative consequences such as too much noise and distraction, lack of ergonomics, congestion, reduced privacy, and the lack of personal control of environmental conditions. In general, it is not considered an efficient layout design for the workplace.
Conclusion: The results indicate that to effectively deal with the emergence of sick building syndrome and provide a healthy work environment, it is necessary to establish a balance between various parts in the workplace layout design including private office space, shared workplace, and/or open plan according to the nature and type of work while taking into account the factors and parameters influenced by the layout design and environmental properties.

Design of Modern Interactive and Ergonomic Home Air Purifier
Mahsa Niknezhad, Ali Faraji,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Objectives: Healthy air is free of any pollutants, including odors, harmful gasses, dust and viruses, especially corona. This healthy air is provided by a purifier device. One of the problems of metropolises is the lack of healthy air, which is one of the most important human needs. The aim of this study was to design a new home air purifier with interactive and ergonomic features.
Methods: The purpose and nature of this research are applied and qualitative-descriptive, respectively. A survey method is used to collect data. The most important tool in the field study is verbal-visual (researcher-made questionnaire) and has benefited from the analysis of relevant experts, Delphi group. Its design method was the so-called Design up (Tarrahi Nameh in Persian) where it is based on the interaction design and user-centered approach and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to evaluate the different stages of the project.
Results: The achievement of this research is a new home air purifier with interactive and ergonomic features with Nik mark. On the one hand, it is easy to use and accelerates the purification operation with a larger area than the existing devices through different filters, and on the other hand, it is easy to assemble, economical and optimally designed. It has automatic and manual adjustment of fan speed and remote control, it has the ability to be used standing and wall-mounted, and it is environmentally friendly.
Conclusion: Eventually this design offered effectiveness, efficiency, safety/comfortability, utility, learnability and memorability as elements of usability. It also demonstrates features such as visibility, feedback, constraints, adaptability and affordance as the goals of interaction design. Finally, this design conducted a satisfactory user experience.

Evaluation of the Level of Comprehension of the Symbols on the Iranian Washing Machine by the Visitors to Saraye-Irani in the City of Qom
Leila Sadat Razavi Manesh, Kamal Azam, Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian, Payam Khanlari,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Objectives: Signs and symbols are used to inform how different tools work. Considering that washing machines are a widely used device and tool in today's life, the present study was conducted to determine the level of comprehension of “Saraye-Irani” visitors regarding the symbols placed on Iranian washing machines.
Methods: The number of 300 people who referred to "Seraye-Irani" located in Qom city participated in this study. A researcher-made checklist based on the ISO 9186-1 2007 standard was used to collect the required data. After the checklist was approved by the experts, it was distributed among the participants and they were asked to write down the meaning of each symbol in front of it. The gathered data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 software using the Chi-square and Fisher's tests.
Results: The results showed that the symbol of "wrinkle-free washing" with a comprehension rate of 70% was the only symbol that the participants had a good comprehension of. However, the participants' comprehension of the other 13 symbols in question was below the standard level. The understanding of symbols of "extra rinse" (P=0.016), "cold water wash" (P=0.037), "child lock" (P=0.001), and "full power wash" (P=0.044) decreased with increasing age. Moreover, individuals with higher education levels had a better understanding of symbols (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Among the 14 symbols measured in the present study, only one symbol had an acceptable level of comprehension. Therefore, according to the widespread use of washing machines, to optimize the use of this tool, it seems necessary to design and implement the necessary training to familiarize and understand these symbols.

Investigating the Effective Factors in the Positioning of the Vehicle’s Multimedia with the Approach of Mitigating the Reflection While Nighttime Driving
Mahdi Ganji, Milad Karimi, Behnoush Bahari,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2025)
Abstract
Objectives: Nowadays, using digital displays in vehicles has become very common. Therefore, the reflection display screen issue as a virtual image on the vehicle's side windows at night is a controversial item in the ergonomics position of the designed display. Given the high importance of visual tasks, it is necessary to consider ergonomics considerations during vehicle design to achieve an optimal display position.
Methods: In the current study, by identifying the factors affecting the placement of the central display inside the vehicle and assigning level values for them, using the design of experiment statistical method with the full factorial approach, 243 runs were obtained from the combination of the identified factors using MINITAB (version 18) software. By implementing all the extracted runs, the amount of reflection from the central display on the side windows was subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: Significantly effective factors (including their interactions) on the response of the reflection of the virtual image on the critical ​​vision zone and the total reflection on the driver's right and left side windows were identified. In addition, the amount/direction of the factors' effect on the responses was analyzed using a linear regression model.
Conclusion: During the interior design process of the vehicle and display packaging, the factors identified in this study can be used as a control tool to reduce or eliminate the concern of the amount of display reflection on the side windows to prevent driver's ergonomics problems during nighttime driving.

Examining ergonomic features in military rifle design: A scoping review study
Mr Mahdi Roknian, Mr Jafar Salehian, Payam Khanlari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2025)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Firearms, including pistols and rifles, are complex tools with military, sporting, and personal applications that require attention to ergonomics to optimize their design and functionality. This study aims to review existing research on the ergonomic features of firearms, with a particular focus on assault rifles.
Methods: This study employed a scoping review method to examine the ergonomics of firearms. Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using keywords related to the ergonomic design of firearms. Relevant articles were selected from the collected studies, and data were extracted and reviewed by two authors, with results categorized based on common areas.
Results: A total of 3,121 studies were found through searches in databases, and after removing duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, 121 studies were downloaded and assessed based on inclusion criteria. Ultimately, 9 studies entered the final stage. The topics examined in the articles that impact the ergonomics of firearms included anthropometric considerations and human digital modeling, rifle configurations and design features, postural stability, safety, and training.
Conclusion: The ergonomic design of firearms has a significant impact on user performance, safety, and overall experience. Future design efforts should emphasize human-centered approaches, taking into account anthropometric data, firearm configuration, user stability, and safety mechanisms for the production of firearms.
 


Factors affecting visual comfort: A systematic review
Payam Heydari, Avin Ahmadian, Aram Mohamadi, Pakhshan Ahmadian, Seyyed Ehsan Samaei,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Today, visual comfort is considered an important and fundamental component of man-made environments. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to all factors affecting it. This study was conducted as a systematic review to summarize the factors affecting visual comfort.
Methods: An electronic search was conducted in national and international databases including Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, BMJ Learning, Springer and ProQuest. Articles were searched using keywords such as visual comfort, architectural features, space configuration, interior design, physical factors, and lighting.
Results: Out of 135 articles, the full text of 19 articles was finally reviewed. Questionnaires were used in 53.5% of studies, while device measurement were used in 21.4%. Physical factors were found to have the most impact on visual comfort, accounting for 51.4% of the studies reviewed. Additionally, architectural factors, space configuration and interior design accounted for 25.7% of the impact on visual comfort in the studies reviewed.
Discussion and Conclusion: Improving visual comfort can be achieved by influencing factors such as physical elements, architectural design, space configuration, and interior design. This can lead to a reduction in errors, improved performance, decreased injuries from falls, and an overall increase in quality of life.

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