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Predicting Factors Affecting Adverse Events among Nurses using Multidimensional Modeling
Davood Afshari, Shakiba Babakhani Farshkar, Maryam Nourollahi-Darabad, Maryam Seyedtabib,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (5-2025)
Abstract
Objectives: Adverse events, defined as errors occurring during nursing care, have become one of the most serious threats to patient safety and quality of care in hospitals. The present study aimed to investigate the role of various factors influencing adverse events among nurses.
Methods: An analytical epidemiological study was conducted on 360 nurses working in public hospitals in Ahvaz. Data were collected using a personal information questionnaire, an environmental factors checklist, the standardized Patient Safety Culture questionnaire, the NEO Personality Inventory, the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire assessing psychosocial work factors, and a standardized adverse events checklist. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS and SMART PLS software.
Results: The most frequently reported adverse events were complaints from patients or their families, while surgical wound infections were reported less frequently. Additionally, 31 nurses (8.6%) reported more than 20 adverse incidents in the past 12 months. The developed model indicated that environmental noise significantly affects both patient safety culture and adverse events, and psychosocial factors influence patient safety culture; however, patient safety culture alone did not significantly affect the occurrence of adverse events.
Conclusion: Overall, the prevalence of adverse events among the studied nurses was high. Exposure to environmental noise and psychosocial factors substantially impacts patient safety culture. These findings can inform strategies to improve adverse event management and enhance patient safety culture.

Design and Psychometric Evaluation of the “Kids Spine Ergonomics Awareness” (KidSEA) Questionnaire
Zahra Jahani, Mahshid Namdari, Nastaran Keshavarz Mohammadi, Mahnaz Saremi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (8-2025)
Abstract
Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders, including back pain, are increasingly prevalent among school-aged children. Poor postural habits and improper backpack carriage are significant contributing factors. However, there is currently no comprehensive, standardized tool available to assess children’s knowledge of ergonomics related to spinal health.
Methods: This methodological study involved the development of a questionnaire through a seven-step process. Following the creation of the preliminary version and assessment of face validity, content validity was evaluated using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) by ten experts. The reliability of the instrument was assessed using a test-retest procedure with 15 students and internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient with a sample of 180 students.
Results: The final version of the questionnaire, entitled Kids’ Spine Ergonomics Awareness (KidSEA), comprised 13 items across three domains: "Spinal Anatomy," "Correct Posture," and "Ergonomics of Carrying School Supplies." The CVI and CVR for each item exceeded 0.79 and 0.62, respectively, indicating that all items were validated. Cohen’s kappa coefficient for individual items was above 0.41, and the overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.74, demonstrating acceptable levels of reliability and internal consistency.
Conclusion: The KidSEA questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing knowledge of ergonomic principles related to spinal health in children. It can be utilized to evaluate health literacy concerning spinal care, design targeted interventions, and inform educational programs for children in the studied age group. Further studies are recommended to establish the validity of the instrument across different age groups.

Evaluation of Luminance and Illuminance and its Relationship with Visual Fatigue among Users of Video Terminals at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2024
Zahra Sadat Sharifi, Rasoul Hemmatjo, Abolfazl Ghahramani,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objectives: Nowadays, electronic devices such as computers, mobile phones, and tablets have played an important role in people's work and lives, and the main complaint of users of video terminals is eye symptoms caused by them. This study aimed to evaluate the intensity of lighting and brightness and its possible relationship with visual fatigue in users of video terminals at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 171 users of video terminals at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the local illuminance intensity at the work surface and the luminance intensity from the screen at the user's eye level were measured. A 15-question visual fatigue questionnaire was used to assess visual fatigue. The results were analyzed using paired t-tests and chi-square tests using SPSS software.
Results: In this study, the average local illumination intensity on the desk was 306.6 lux and the average luminance intensity was 73.9 candelas per square meter. Local illumination intensity was lower than the recommended level in 41.6 percent of cases. There was no statistically significant relationship between illumination intensity and users' vision during the study, and there was also no statistically significant relationship between users' luminance and vision. The results of this study showed that vision at the end of the work has a significant relationship with the individual's vision at the beginning of the work. The results of this study also showed that there is a significant relationship between visual fatigue and the type of work.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, it is recommended that, if possible, the time to start working with visual terminals should be when there is no feeling of visual fatigue. Also, since one of the factors affecting visual fatigue is the type of work, it is recommended that users manage their work in such a way that they are mostly inactive (reading the page).

An Analytical Perspective on Human Reliability Assessment and Human Error Risk Studies (2010–2023): Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence and Lights-Out Manufacturing
Ali Reza Nikray, Dr. Mohammad Reza Vesali Naseh, Abbas Mohammadi,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objectives: As industrial systems become increasingly complex and technologically advanced, the human role in ensuring safety and efficiency remains indispensable. This study presents a comprehensive review of Human Reliability Assessment researches published between 2010-2023. It compares HRA methodologies with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and lights-out manufacturing, identifies existing research gaps, and analyzes both the analytical techniques employed and the industrial sectors addressed.
Methods: A systematic search of major scientific databases was conducted using domain-specific keywords, yielding over 230 publications. Following the removal of duplicates studies, 180 articles were selected for detailed analysis. Each article was evaluated based on methodology, industrial application, country and institutional affiliation, and publishing outlet.
Results: The results indicate that SHERPA, CREAM, and Fuzzy Mathematics are the most frequently applied approaches in HRA research. The United States, China, and South Korea emerged as leading contributors to the field. The findings reveal that neither qualitative nor quantitative methods alone are sufficient to fulfill the three core objectives of HRA: error identification, probability estimation, and control design. A hybrid approach is therefore recommended through the integration of SHERPA and TESEO. SHERPA offers comprehensive coverage of error identification and designing effective control measures, while TESEO facilitates rapid and conservative probability estimation. Together, these methods provide a practical and efficient framework for achieving HRA objectives within operational constraints. Additionally, ten key research gaps were identified.
Conclusion: The SHERPA–TESEO hybrid framework presents a viable strategy for achieving the core goals of HRA. Nonetheless, in the context of smart environments and operator-free production, the shift from static to dynamic and data-driven models is necessary. Recommended developments include revising SHERPA’s cognitive task classifications, recalibrating TESEO’s adjustment factors, and integrating real-time data with human–AI interaction. These advancements are expected to significantly enhance real-time prediction of human-error-risks and support timely intervention strategies.

Usability Evaluation Of The Chargoon Office Automation System Using A Mixed User- And Expert-Centered Approach (Huristic Assessment)
Elahe Amouzadeh, Siavash Etemadinezhad, Jamshid Yazdani Charati,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2025)
Abstract
Objectives: Office automation systems are essential for optimizing administrative processes, reducing human errors, and improving organizational efficiency. However, their effectiveness depends on usability and user interaction quality. This study assesses the usability of the Chargoon office automation system at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences using a mixed-methods approach, addressing gaps in prior evaluations of similar systems in Iranian academic settings.
Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed, with the quantitative component using the standardized System Usability Scale (SUS) and the qualitative component involving heuristic evaluation based on Nielsen's ten principles by five UX experts. Simple random sampling selected 240 employees and faculty members. Performance data, including task completion time and error rates for six frequent tasks, were collected and analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation in SPSS v26.
Results: The mean SUS score was 64.83 (±12.84), indicating acceptable usability with room for improvement. The task 'sending a letter to multiple recipients' showed the highest error rate (15.2%) and completion time (57.3 seconds). Heuristic evaluation identified 99 issues, primarily in system feedback (25%) and error prevention (20%).
Conclusion: The Chargoon system has moderate usability but requires targeted improvements in interface design, feedback mechanisms, and error prevention to reduce cognitive load and operational costs in academic settings

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